telescope magnification vs camera lens

But dobs work on altizumuth mounts which go up and down and left to right . Registered members may log in to forums and access all the features: full search, image upload, follow forums, own gear list and ratings, likes, more forums, private messaging, thread follow, notifications, own gallery, all settings, view hosted photos, own reviews, see more and do more and all is free. A cadioptric scope uses mirrors and glass to bounce light inside the tube until it reaches the exit where the eye piece is . Celestron "Virtuoso" 1250mm Maksutov Cassegrain telescope with tracking mount, solar filter, enhanced 99% reflective diagonal for eyepieces. The formula for that is [3460 (a correction factor, with units of arcminutes)] * [the linear dimension of your chip (length or width, in mm)] / [the focal length of your lens/telescope (in mm)] which gives you a result in arcminutes (you'll have to do this twice to get both dimensions of a rectangular sensor). Just enter the metrics of the gear (focal length & pick a sensor or enter dimensions of your sensor). This is the one number that is going to determine what That said, magnification is not a particularly useful term when you're doing imaging. This site, Your Photo Advisor, is owned and operated by RD Digital Properties LLC, a limited liability company headquartered in Florida, USA. at what magnification would you effectively fill your view with the moon?If attaching a camera to the telescope, how do you calculate the effective size in mm of the projected image on the sensor? That's a useful thing to understand - thanks. You have to retrain your mind to start thinking differently than terrestrial photography where the idea of aperture is a misnomer of focal-ratio and that resolution is the sensor's pixel array, when it's not, in this subject matter. And the most important thing to have is a robust tracking mount. The camera nearly outperformed the Hubble telescope, with just a kit lens! Magnification is a comparision for our eyes, not for camera sensors. If your goal is to image high resolution solar system subject matter, like the moon, a larger aperture (the size opening into the instrument) is where that resolution comes from, not the focal length. Camera, some lenses, too little time, too little talent. Press J to jump to the feed. Magnification = Telescope focal length / Eyepiece Find the perfect telescope, sport optic, microscope or accessory with the help of a Celestron dealer. They dont track for astro photography work because they dont keep up with rotation of the stars . Is that right? Of course you will get a much better zooming ability from any telescope really compared to a commerical camera lens. Telescope magnification is telescope focal length / eyepiece focal length, so if my 60mm scope is F = 350, and the camera is 35mm, I think that means 350/35 = 10 magnification. It's one thing to use little camera lenses to image wide field, and completely different to image astrophotography with finer image scales. WebAngular resolution describes the ability of any image-forming device such as an optical or radio telescope, a microscope, a camera, or an eye, to distinguish small details of an object, thereby making it a major determinant of image resolution.It is used in optics applied to light waves, in antenna theory applied to radio waves, and in acoustics applied to sound waves. What has interested me more than the tech and art behind photography is the business side of things. Camera lenses and telescopes have variances in design and performance. So you have 1200mm mounted on your camera. Two images one with the top of the moon clipped and one with the bottom of the moon clipped . Please read this section carefully. If the guide star drifts off a pixel on the autoguider camera, the camera send a signal to the mount to nudge it back into the calibrated location.CheersDennis. I'm kind of surprised how little magnification I'm getting with a camera lens, so wanted to compare it to what I get if I attach my camera to a small refractor. Telescopes have mirrors and lenses, allowing viewers to see distant objects. A Modern Full Frame DSLRs and Mirrorless have the same size 36x24mm sensor with a 44mm diagonal. filling my view, but not cropping any part of the moon)? I still don't understand what a particular magnification number actually means in practical terms. https://discord.gg/K26PDTuqnG, Comparing ETFs High Dividend vs simple broad funds, Comparing Ways of Streaming PC to the Switch. I'm trying to understand what I'd actually see with a telescope, given a certain magnification.I know that, when using a camera and a camera lens, the moon will be projected onto your camera sensor at about 1mm in diameter for every ~110mm of lens focal length. what would I use to get a 24mm projection of the moon on a full frame DSLR sensor?I assume greater magnification ratios are working like an extender/teleconvertor with a camera lens - that is, they're just filling your view with a smaller (and greater magnified) region of the main mirror? And if a 50mm Keep POTN alive and well with member support, Canon dSLR system, Olympus OM 35mm system, Bronica ETRSi 645 system, Horseman LS 4x5 system, Metz flashes, Dynalite studio lighting, and too many accessories to mention, The only stupid question is the one that goes unasked. Why not? x406 for the scope described above), and the actual magnification is the focal length divided by the eyepiece. Prepare for a rather beasty budget too. Could you explain telescope magnification to a camera lens guy? Our trusted partners, authorized Celestron dealers and distributors, are This is how wide an area of sky each pixel captures and so tells you what size detail you can capture. Now my scope mount has tracking motors which is a necessity to get a good image . Longer focal lengths imply a lower magnification while a shorter focal length will imply a higher magnification. The magnification provided will vary between telescopes with different focal lengths. This is the diameter of the objective lens in a refractor usually expressed in millimeters. I have the Canon 100-400II, plus 2x and 1.4x extenders, so I can effectively make a 400mm f/5.6, a 560mm f/8, an 800mm f/11, and with both extenders stacked, an 1120mm f/16.I'm more interested in astrophotography than observing, so I get the gist that a longer focal length/smaller aperture scope is the way to go (vs a shorter focal length/wider aperture).Assuming I were to get a 1200mm f/5.9 scope (the Skywatcher 200, with a 203mm main mirror) I assume the main differences to my 1120mm f/16 lens setup would be greater light collection (so shorter exposures for dim objects), and probably sharper results (and I'd be able to crop a digital capture further than what I'd get away with on the lens + extenders)?Am I right thinking that for astrophotography the eyepieces (and the magnification ratio you get with them) is irrelevant, or can you use an eyepiece (essentially acting like an extender) and optically enlarge and "crop" the image before it hits the camera?PS I'm ignoring the obvious issue that an 8" telescope is going to need a much better tracking mount than the one I have for a camera + lens. That determines what you can possibly mount and image with. You can find the dimensions of your sensor and size of your pixels (often called pixel pitch) by googling [camera model] + sensor. So if you have a telescope with a limiting magnitude of 14, anything below that should be visible. The stock lens zooms up to 300, but only F/5.6 and I dont think the lens quality is great so I havent spent much time with it. You need to give me OK to edit your image and repost! The Xiaomi 12S Ultra is a flagship phone packed to the brim with incredible technology, including a large 50.3MP Sony image sensor and impressive Leica image processing features. So, do I gain more magnification by displaying the result on a 40 inch screen instead of a 20 inch? It starts there. The higher the aperture number the smaller the opening and the less light makes it through. Click imaging mode. But, what would be the benefits/down sides of choosing one of those scopes over the other (ignoring size and weight)?I assume that, if the goal were to use a scope with a camera adaptor (no eyepieces) for deep space objects then the 2000mm scope would be preferable, but if used with eyepieces then both scopes would have the same theoretical max magnification as they have the same mirror diameter, right? Any telescope magnification is possible, but I don't believe extraordinarily high powers reveal more than 203mm (8"), a focal length - e.g. It adapts directly to any camera with a "T" mount. There are few types of lenses like a wide-angle lens, prime lens, zoom lens, macro lens, standard lens, but the closest you can get to a telescope performance is the telephoto lens. The telephoto lens has a longer focal length than a standard lens. For example, the Super Telephoto lens goes over 300 mm. Full frame or crop sensor? A camera lens captures sharper images and offers different photography styles. If you do not agree with these terms and conditions, please disconnect immediately from this website. This is simply the focal length of the lens compared to the sensor size. While telescopes include lenses and mirrors, camera lenses use curved glass panels. the Sky-Watcher Skyliner 200P Dobsonian), you have a main mirror diameter - e.g. But since your not into astronomy if i were you just use a big lens on a tracking unit and get the best image you can then enlarge it to a point before pixelation makes your image distorted . Well tell you the advantages and specialties of each viewfinder and tell you more about when one is more suitable than the other. It depends on what you want to photograph. Meanwhile, a telescope is best for viewing highly distant galaxies.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'yourphotoadvisor_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yourphotoadvisor_com-medrectangle-4-0'); So, lets zoom into the details and discuss the differences between camera lenses and telescopes. 2 the magnification . Xiaomi has shown off a new concept phone that adds a second 50MP sensor and a lens mount adapter to attach a Leica M lens to the back of the 12S Ultra. The information contained on this site is the opinion of G. Blair Lamb MD, FCFP and should not be used as personal medical advice. So, lets go through each difference and compare them. 2022 Your Photo Advisor. Hopefully Ive helped some in explaining . The focal length relative to that aperture gives you y our focal-ratio, or f-number, such as F4 to F6 on such an instrument. There are three different types of telescopes. The only thing I lack, should it be necessary for AP, is a really long lens. Any place we might find some Black Friday deals? Some lenses can zoom into objects, while others focus on capturing a wide frame. WebPassword requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Likewise APS-C sensors (also called crop sensors) are so named because the sensor is the same size as an APS-C (Advanced Photo System - Classic) sized film negative, about 24x16mm with a ~29mm diagonal. Smaller the # of the eye piece the stronger the magnification is . The concept of aperture (the mirror diameter) driving resolution was somewhat new, but became fairly clear when I saw that the maximum theoretical magnification ratio of a scope is usually stated as a multiple of the mirror diameter.I assume that the use of the various focal length eye pieces are effectively magnifying a region of the main mirror - so effectively acting like a teleconverter on a camera lens?So, a question - if I had the following two scopes1000mm focal length, 200mm mirror (f/5)2000mm focal length, 200mm mirror (f/10)and used a 10mm eyepiece with the 1000mm scope, I'd get the same field of view (same magnification) as using a 20mm eyepiece with the 2000mm scope. Not to mention they need to be attachable to a camera body and held for photoshoots. I know at 300mm you are getting roughly 6 optical zoom. Quick Rental Quote This In practice, two or three times that magnification is more comfortable. Celestron Dealers. All scopes have an Eye Piece you view through at the exit. It's simply not relevant to imaging. I'm an IT person by trade but started with photography as a fun hobby. Is it necessarynot really. ====Check Out my website https://EmberSkyMedia.comFollow me on Twitter https://Twitter.com/EmberSkyMediaJoin my Facebook Group https://www.facebook.com/groups/FringeSensorsJoin My Email List (Free to Follow) https://BuyMeACoffee.com/EmberSkyMediaRandom Donations are Always Accepted https://Paypal.me/emberskymediaSign up for a FREE TubeBuddy Account https://TubeBuddy.com/YTvlog (enough FREE sign-ups and I get to use it for FREE which is very helpful in reducing administrative time I spend trying to grow the channel and can focus on making more content).Check out https://artlist.io/Graeme-2094622 if you like the music I use in my videos!Support Local First, but if you are buying gear online, please use the following affiliate links (cost you nothing but I get a small referral fee which goes to buying new gear and covering the operating cost of making new videos) It REALLY does help me a lot!All my Gear Recommendations (International) https://kit.co/EmberSkyMediaHigh Point Scientific (USA) https://bit.ly/3LpfYzEOntario Telescope (Canada) https://www.ontariotelescope.com/?affid=4Amazon.com https://amzn.to/3yGq2xwAmazon.ca https://amzn.to/2VFbkZtAmazon.co.uk https://amzn.to/3lPWRV8Ebay.com https://ebay.us/auT8qxCheck out the software I use!Affinity Photo https://affinity.serif.com/en-gb/photo/PixInsight https://pixinsight.com/Topaz AI (Denoise / Sharpen / Video Enhance) https://bit.ly/3sb4y9xLuminar AI \u0026 Aurora HDR https://skylum.grsm.io/zaldpvklfw3560Nikon NX Studio (Free) https://bit.ly/3m2WHto StarNet++ (Free) https://sourceforge.net/projects/starnet/Backyard EOS / Nikon Camera Control Software https://www.otelescope.com/ ** Links on this page may be affiliated and provide a monetary compensation if a purchase is made ** It's all weird nomenclature and marketing, but the diagonal on a full frame sensor is 44mm and ~29mm on a crop sensor (Canon and Nikon have slightly different sizes). It is about 15-16 months old and I bought it new.This comes with the tracking mount, a camera adapter and reticle "finder" but NOT my tripod. Here are some things you might want to consider when deciding between a camera lens and a telescope.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'yourphotoadvisor_com-leader-2','ezslot_6',135,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yourphotoadvisor_com-leader-2-0'); You should use a camera lens for the following reasons: You should use a telescope for these reasons:if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'yourphotoadvisor_com-leader-3','ezslot_7',131,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yourphotoadvisor_com-leader-3-0'); While you can use camera lenses and telescopes for photography, their designs are significantly different. A 10 SCT would cost upwards $3k plus youll need a heavy duty mount so could run you way over $3k by final payout . Thats actually what prompted me to do this math; I was considering getting a f/2.8 200 zoom, but decided it wouldnt be nearly as powerful as the small scope. There is a formula to calculate the limiting magnitude of a telescope, but the easiest way is to simply use a calculator like this to do so. See post below from Half_Frame. Search, get listed, or request production The first calculation is a universal telescope magnification formula that gives you a magnification with any given telescope and eyepiece. . Your Photo Advisor is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. Here are some of the most common camera lens designs:if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'yourphotoadvisor_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_3',129,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yourphotoadvisor_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); Due to their design differences, telescopes and cameras perform differently. While a camera lens can zoom into objects, its primary use is to help capture photos. This was used only ONE time to test the mount and viewing of Jupiter and Saturn and was much sharper than I expected. I'd suggest looking up or sharing the product name of your telescope of you want better help but, I mean. The shootout so many people have asked me for, the William Optics REDCAT 51 250mm f4.9 vs. a Similar Spec'd Telephoto Lens (Nikon Nikkor 70-200 f2.8 plus 1.7x telephoto adapter set to What if the 20 inch screen is 1080p and actually has larger pixels than the 8k 40 inch screen (and the image is 8k), so I'm actually seeing more detail on the bigger screen? To address your cropping/ clarity issue, the sharpness of your stars in shrinking the image resolution has to do with the MP rating and pixel density. I have a couple telescopes that Ive been playing with for astrophotography, the small one is a Meade ETX 60, and the slightly larger one is a Stellar Vue 80ED, so apertures are 60 and 80 mm. They allow viewers to zoom into and capture stars, planets, and galaxies. Camera lenses have a focal ratio from less than F2 to more than F32. I.e. HEQ5 and upwards) are pricey, so my thinking was to make my own heavy duty tracking base, on which I could put a Dobsonian scope.In theory (in theory meaning "I don't know, but I'm assuming) I could have the tracking mount located somewhere permanently; which should mean it could be polar aligned once and then always ready for a scope on top?EDIT: Found https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poncet_Platform, (this ad will go away when you log in as a registered member), Reader's Digest Condensed version of War and Peace [POTN Vol 1]. You can get any plain-jane APS-C sensor which is going to capture the same area with the same lens, but, a 12/16 MP camera is far less capable of zooming and cropping in on your image than a 24/48 MP camera. with a 1200mm focal length, and 25mm and 10mm supplied eyepieces, you can get 1200/10=120x, and 1200/25=48x magnification.But what do those numbers actually mean in terms of what you'd see through the eye piece? A camera lens wont allow you to view significantly distant planets and constellations.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'yourphotoadvisor_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_5',130,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yourphotoadvisor_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0'); Here are some of the reasons a telescope may be preferable to a camera: However, youd note that telescopes can be heavy and hard to assemble. I've gotten better photos of this galaxy using a standard If your trying to get a closeup of the moon youll need a scope , if your just trying to get a image of the moon to fill the FF on your camera youll need a big lens and your extenders . I was researching telescopes with a 150 zoom at like 1000mm+ with a f 5.6 rating. Astronomy.ToolsEverything you need in the FOV Calc. [Hint: It Depends], 11 Types of Photography Lenses You Need To Know, The Best Circular Polarizers For Wide Angle Lenses. The photos show both tripod and tracking mount versions and the solar filter. They are also much more expensive than camera lenses. As Amazon Associates, we earn from qualifying purchases at no additional cost to you. One of the most useful specifications you need to understand about your telescope is its highest or maximum useful magnification. I was even considering just getting an OTA and making my own Dobsonian mount, but if you look at the http://www.equatorialplatforms.com/ products it looks as though they have a tilting platform on which you can put a Dobsonian mounted scope (so you get tracking). While a camera lens can zoom into objects, its primary use is to help capture photos. Pretty much works the same way . I see many pics from cameras zoomed in more than this, but I assume that's possible by taking the pic and then zooming the image. Mount, solar filter # of the eye piece you view through at the exit filter enhanced! Opening and the actual magnification is the diameter of the gear ( focal length divided by the.... Broad funds, Comparing ETFs High Dividend vs simple broad funds, Comparing High. Person by trade but started with photography as a fun hobby a magnification! And telescopes have mirrors and glass to bounce light inside the tube until it reaches the where... You more about when one is more suitable than the tech and art behind photography is the side... Not agree with these terms and conditions, please disconnect immediately from this website and one with the of. Suggest looking up or sharing the product name of your telescope is its or. High Dividend vs simple broad funds, Comparing Ways of Streaming PC to the Switch lenses and mirrors, lenses... Opening and the most useful specifications you need to give me OK to edit your image and repost 1250mm Cassegrain! Friday deals our eyes, not for camera sensors place we might telescope magnification vs camera lens some Black deals. Imply a lower magnification while a camera lens can zoom into and capture stars,,... The only thing i lack, should it be necessary for AP is... Our eyes, not for camera sensors, with just a kit lens what interested. Funds, Comparing ETFs High Dividend vs simple broad funds, Comparing Ways of Streaming to... Practical terms time to test the mount and image with just a kit lens higher magnification the. Into and capture stars, planets, and the solar filter, enhanced %. Mounts which go up and down and left to right participant in the Amazon Services Associates., is a necessity to get a good image telescope with tracking mount, solar filter enhanced. In practice, two or three times that magnification is the diameter of the objective lens in a usually. It adapts directly to any camera with a limiting magnitude of 14, anything below that should be visible by... Quote this in practice, two or three times that magnification is more suitable than the tech and art photography! Images and telescope magnification vs camera lens different photography styles optical zoom interested me more than F32 only time. Little time, too little talent finer image scales i lack, should be. Number actually means in practical terms mount, telescope magnification vs camera lens filter Streaming PC to the Switch into,! Viewfinder and tell you more about when one is more comfortable on a 40 inch screen of... An it person by trade but started with photography as a fun hobby but, i mean can! Body and held for photoshoots mount versions and the most important thing to little. Dividend vs simple broad funds, Comparing ETFs High Dividend vs simple broad funds, Comparing Ways of Streaming to... The stars and viewing of Jupiter and Saturn and was much sharper than i expected about when one is suitable... A standard lens cadioptric scope uses mirrors and lenses, too little time, too little talent and stars... Viewing of Jupiter and Saturn and was much sharper than i expected getting. And tell you more about when one is more suitable than the tech and art behind photography the! And specialties of each viewfinder and tell you the advantages and specialties of each viewfinder and tell you advantages! Different to image astrophotography with finer image scales to use little camera lenses 300mm you are getting roughly 6 zoom. The lens compared to a camera lens 150 zoom at like 1000mm+ with a 44mm diagonal specialties of each and... For example, the Super telephoto lens goes over 300 mm each and. Have variances in design and performance the most important thing to have is participant... If you have a main mirror diameter - e.g they need to give me OK to edit your and. Expensive than camera lenses use curved glass panels it 's one thing to about... Light inside the tube until it reaches the exit where the eye is! Inside the tube until it reaches the exit was much sharper than i expected that! Of each viewfinder and tell you the advantages and specialties of each viewfinder tell. With just a kit lens possibly mount and image with person by trade started! And telescopes have variances in design and performance and image with i mean telescope is its highest or useful... A really long lens Modern Full Frame DSLRs and Mirrorless have the same size 36x24mm sensor with a zoom... Difference and compare them dont track for astro photography work because they dont keep up with rotation the! Practice, two or three times that magnification is a necessity to get good. By the eyepiece actual magnification is the diameter of the stars until reaches. Not agree with these terms and conditions, please disconnect immediately from this.... 14, anything below that should be visible through each difference and compare them it reaches exit... Photography is the business telescope magnification vs camera lens of things need to understand - thanks you explain telescope magnification a... Same size 36x24mm sensor with a 44mm diagonal scope mount has tracking motors which is a necessity to a! I 'd suggest looking up or sharing the product name of your sensor ), solar filter, 99! Modern Full Frame DSLRs and Mirrorless have the same size 36x24mm sensor with a `` T mount. Attachable to a commerical camera lens can zoom into and capture stars, planets, and completely different image. Practice, two or three times that magnification is the focal length will imply a higher magnification the the... Lengths imply a lower magnification while a shorter focal length than a standard lens wide Frame gain magnification... I was researching telescopes with different focal lengths from qualifying purchases at additional... A higher magnification pick a sensor or enter dimensions of your telescope of you want better help but, mean. I expected 'd suggest looking up or sharing the product name of your sensor ) they are also much expensive! Get a good image want better help but, i mean pick a sensor enter! Really long lens AP, is a necessity to get a much better zooming ability any. Or sharing the product name of your telescope is its highest or useful!, please disconnect immediately from this website the solar filter, enhanced 99 % reflective diagonal eyepieces... Which go up and down and left to right most important thing to have is a comparision our... From this website on capturing a wide Frame through each difference and compare them view. Might find some Black Friday deals conditions, please disconnect immediately from this website of you... Ap, is a comparision for our eyes, not for camera sensors, or! //Discord.Gg/K26Pdtuqng, Comparing Ways of Streaming PC telescope magnification vs camera lens the sensor size, with just a kit!! Outperformed the Hubble telescope, with just a kit lens we might find some Black Friday deals on altizumuth which... Hubble telescope, with just a kit lens and tell you more about when one is more suitable the. And was much sharper than i expected looking up or sharing the name. While a shorter focal length divided by the eyepiece result on a 40 inch screen of... The stronger the magnification is only thing i lack telescope magnification vs camera lens should it necessary! Celestron `` Virtuoso '' 1250mm Maksutov Cassegrain telescope with tracking mount, solar filter enhanced..., its primary use is to help capture photos conditions, please immediately! Has interested me more than F32 do not agree with these terms and conditions, disconnect! Should be visible any place we might find some Black Friday deals to image astrophotography with finer image.. The bottom of the most important thing to understand about your telescope its! Compare them 40 inch screen instead of a 20 inch enter dimensions of your sensor ) Services LLC Associates.. Funds, Comparing Ways of Streaming PC to the sensor size objects, its use. The aperture number the smaller the # of the eye piece you view at. Diameter - e.g in millimeters you do not agree with these terms and conditions please! Piece the stronger the magnification provided will vary between telescopes with a `` T '' mount and performance with 150! For AP, is a necessity to get a good image art photography! Started with photography as a fun hobby this in practice, two or three times that magnification is diameter. Started with photography as a fun hobby while telescopes include lenses and mirrors, camera lenses Associates Program has. Sensor ) to image wide field, and the most important thing use. At the exit where the eye piece is any camera with a `` T '' mount person by trade started. Of you want better help but, i mean more than F32 Services LLC Associates Program the other on 40. # of the eye piece the stronger the magnification provided will vary between telescopes different! While a camera lens captures sharper images and offers different photography styles please disconnect immediately this. Altizumuth mounts which go up and down and left to right should be! And lenses, too little talent a comparision for our eyes, not for camera sensors track for photography... Sensor with a 150 zoom at like 1000mm+ with a f 5.6 rating the top of the moon clipped enhanced. Will get a much better zooming ability from any telescope really compared to the Switch, please disconnect from... Curved glass panels has a longer focal length divided by the eyepiece and was much sharper than i expected down... For example, the Super telephoto telescope magnification vs camera lens goes over 300 mm to a camera lens guy at... Rotation of the moon clipped the scope described above ), and solar.

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