FastAPI will create the object of type BackgroundTasks for you and pass it as that parameter.. So, in our endpoint, we will only get a user if the user exists, was correctly authenticated, and is active: The additional header WWW-Authenticate with value Bearer we are returning here is also part of the spec. Each "scope" is just a string (without spaces). And you will be able to select which scopes you want to give access to: me and items. A lot of the backend code is taken from that project or the FastAPI official docs. This is a rather advanced feature. Create a variable ALGORITHM with the algorithm used to sign the JWT token and set it to "HS256". The path operation itself also declares a scope, "items", so this will also be in the list of security_scopes.scopes passed to get_current_user. Security is actually a subclass of Depends, and it has just one extra parameter that we'll see later. Open your browser at http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery. We are doing it here to demonstrate how FastAPI handles scopes declared at different levels. FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production, Documentation: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com, Source Code: https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi. You can add middleware to FastAPI applications.. A "middleware" is a function that works with every request before it is processed by any specific path operation.And also with every response before returning it.. To configure them, pass the swagger_ui_parameters argument when creating the FastAPI() app object or to the get_swagger_ui_html() function. In this exception, we include the scopes required (if any) as a string separated by spaces (using scope_str). These functions are there (instead of just using the classes directly) so that your editor doesn't In this example we are going to use OAuth2, with the Password flow, using a Bearer token. There are some cases where you might need to convert a data type (like a Pydantic model) to something compatible with JSON (like a dict, list, etc). "Hashing" means converting some content (a password in this case) into a sequence of bytes (just a string) that looks like gibberish. We do that using the OAuth2PasswordBearer class. Using Pydantic's exclude_unset parameter. In those cases, several of those entities could have the same ID, let's say foo (a user foo, a car foo, and a blog post foo). So, you would be able to, for example, share the same data from a Django application in a database with a FastAPI application. For that, FastAPI provides a jsonable_encoder() function. OAuth2 with scopes is the mechanism used by many big authentication providers, like Facebook, Google, GitHub, Microsoft, Twitter, etc. The form field name is scope (in singular), but it is actually a long string with "scopes" separated by spaces. Your API almost always has to send a response body. Those details are implementation specific. Let's imagine some attackers are trying to guess the username and password. with username:. And you can use directly many well maintained and widely used packages like passlib and python-jose, because FastAPI doesn't require any complex mechanisms to integrate external packages. It's a standard to codify a JSON object in a long dense string without spaces. Dependencies in path operation decorators, OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens, Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others, Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons, # This doesn't provide any security at all. This is the same mechanism used when you give permissions while logging in with Facebook, Google, GitHub, etc: Now, modify the token path operation to return the scopes requested. : info: Info Object: Now update the dependency get_current_user. Gunicorn by itself is not compatible with FastAPI, as FastAPI uses the newest ASGI standard.. So, any additional Starlette code you have, will also work. Without changing the settings, syntax highlighting is enabled by default: But you can disable it by setting syntaxHighlight to False: and then Swagger UI won't show the syntax highlighting anymore: The same way you could set the syntax highlighting theme with the key "syntaxHighlight.theme" (notice that it has a dot in the middle): That configuration would change the syntax highlighting color theme: FastAPI includes some default configuration parameters appropriate for most of the use cases. That means, all the "dependants" this might sound confusing, it is explained again later below. This is appropriate when we are logging in to our own application, probably with our own frontend. But it provides you the tools to simplify the process as much as possible without compromising flexibility, robustness, or security. It returns a Python standard data structure (e.g. Simple OAuth2 with Password and Bearer OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens But by using the secrets.compare_digest() it will be secure against a type of attacks called "timing attacks".. And then, you could give that JWT token to a user (or bot), and they could use it to perform those actions (drive the car, or edit the blog post) without even needing to have an account, just with the JWT token your API generated for that. When one of these security schemes uses OAuth2, you can also declare and use scopes. Import the Response class (sub-class) you want to use and declare it in the path operation decorator.. For large responses, returning a Response directly is much faster than returning a dictionary.. The PassLib context also has functionality to use different hashing algorithms, including deprecated old ones only to allow verifying them, etc. It's common that each authentication provider names their flows in a different way, to make it part of their brand. Now we declare that the path operation for /users/me/items/ requires the scope items. Here's were we are using the same OAuth2 scheme we created before, declaring it as a dependency: oauth2_scheme. Technical Details. But by using Security instead of Depends, FastAPI will know that it can declare security scopes, use them internally, and document the API with OpenAPI. Here we are using the recommended one: pyca/cryptography. And we return the scopes as part of the JWT token. Whenever you pass exactly the same content (exactly the same password) you get exactly the same gibberish. It will always have the security scopes declared in the current Security dependencies and all the dependants for that specific path operation and that specific dependency tree. The parameter security_scopes will be of type SecurityScopes. In many cases, OAuth2 with scopes can be an overkill. Generate Clients. You could easily add any of those alternatives to your application built with FastAPI. Open the interactive docs: http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs. Now that we have all the security flow, let's make the application actually secure, using JWT tokens and secure password hashing. And Pydantic's Field returns an instance of FieldInfo as well.. ; It contains an app/main.py file. and with that single declaration you get: Coming back to the previous code example, FastAPI will: We just scratched the surface, but you already get the idea of how it all works. OAuth2 with Password (and hashing), Bearer with JWT tokens, Dependencies in path operation decorators, Technical details about the JWT "subject" sub, Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others, Alternatives, Inspiration and Comparisons, "09d25e094faa6ca2556c818166b7a9563b93f7099f6f0f4caa6cf63b88e8d3e7", "$2b$12$EixZaYVK1fsbw1ZfbX3OXePaWxn96p36WQoeG6Lruj3vjPGga31lW", 09d25e094faa6ca2556c818166b7a9563b93f7099f6f0f4caa6cf63b88e8d3e7. In the case of bearer tokens (our case), the value of that header should be Bearer. Now, get the user data from the (fake) database, using the username from the form field. jsonable_encoder is actually used by FastAPI internally to convert data. You could also use it to generate code automatically, for clients that communicate with your API. And if the user (or a third party) tried to modify the token to change the expiration, you would be able to discover it, because the signatures would not match. In this example, it would convert the Pydantic model to a dict, and the datetime to a str.. Then you could add permissions about that entity, like "drive" (for the car) or "edit" (for the blog). And that function get_openapi() receives as parameters: Using the information above, you can use the same utility function to generate the OpenAPI schema and override each part that you need. With any of the methods above it would look like this in the /docs:. OAuth2 with scopes is the mechanism used by many big authentication providers, like Facebook, Google, GitHub, Microsoft, Twitter, etc. Let's review again this dependency tree and the scopes. You should never save plaintext passwords, so, we'll use the (fake) password hashing system. If you pass a custom list of servers and there's a root_path (because your API lives behind a proxy), FastAPI will insert a "server" with Body with multiple examples. Info If you already went through all the tutorial and came back to see more about types, a good resource is the "cheat sheet" from mypy . Declare Request Example Data Extra Data Types Cookie Parameters Header Parameters Response Model Extra Models Response Status Code You can use OAuth2 scopes directly with FastAPI, they are integrated to work seamlessly. And as the Response can be used frequently to set You will still be able to access /status/. Benchmarks and speed Field Name Type Description; openapi: string: REQUIRED.This string MUST be the semantic version number of the OpenAPI Specification version that the OpenAPI document uses. If your database is stolen, the thief won't have your users' plaintext passwords, only the hashes. You can use OAuth2 scopes directly with FastAPI, they are integrated to work seamlessly. Create a random secret key that will be used to sign the JWT tokens. ", "We adopted the FastAPI library to spawn a REST server that can be queried to obtain predictions. But clients don't necessarily need to send request bodies all the time. The path operation for swagger_ui_redirect is a helper for when you use OAuth2. As FastAPI is based on the OpenAPI specification, you get automatic compatibility with many tools, including the automatic API docs (provided by Swagger UI).. One particular advantage that is not necessarily obvious is that you can generate clients (sometimes called SDKs) for your API, for many different programming languages.. OpenAPI Client We now verify that all the scopes required, by this dependency and all the dependants (including path operations), are included in the scopes provided in the token received, otherwise raise an HTTPException. So user-name or email wouldn't work. If your code uses async / await, use async def: If you don't know, check the "In a hurry?" But you still want to be able to filter and convert the data you return with a response_model . It takes each request that comes to your application. And it's intended to be the FastAPI of CLIs. But if you know you need it, or you are curious, keep reading. But don't worry, you can show it as you wish to your final users in the frontend. But as it's a common use case, it is provided by FastAPI directly, just to make it easier. So, you import Query, which is a function.And when you call it, it returns an instance of a class also named Query.. Use ORJSONResponse. FastAPI converts the configurations to JSON to make them compatible with JavaScript, as that's what Swagger UI needs. . For example, you could disable syntax highlighting in Swagger UI. It looks like this: It is not encrypted, so, anyone could recover the information from the contents. It includes these default configurations: You can override any of them by setting a different value in the argument swagger_ui_parameters. A common choice is Jinja2, the same one used by Flask and other tools. The app directory contains everything. Advanced User Guide. So it is added that way to OpenAPI. Timing Attacks. Notice that you have to pass the request as part of the key-value pairs in the context for Jinja2. The first step is to disable the automatic docs, as those use the CDN by default. To understand more about it, see the section Benchmarks. Override all the Swagger UI path operation and manually write any JavaScript you need. So, going to the URL: A response body is the data your API sends to the client.. ; Rpido para codar: Aumenta a velocidade para For example, if you are squeezing performance, you can install and use orjson and set the response to be ORJSONResponse.. Many extra features (thanks to Starlette) as. (*). They will be checked independently for each path operation. Typer is FastAPI's little sibling. But OAuth2 with scopes can be nicely integrated into your API (with OpenAPI) and your API docs. 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